Structural Engineering · Engineering Glossary
A foundation is the structural system that transfers all building loads — dead, live, wind, and seismic — into the supporting soil or rock. Foundations are classified as shallow (spread footings, mat) or deep (piles, drilled piers) based on their depth and load transfer mechanism.
The selection of a foundation type depends on the structural loads, the geotechnical conditions (bearing capacity, settlement potential, depth to competent material), and the site constraints. Shallow foundations are most economical when competent soil is near the surface; deep foundations are required when soft or compressible soils extend to significant depth. The geotechnical report provides bearing pressure recommendations, pile capacity estimates, and settlement predictions that guide the structural engineer's foundation design. Foundation design must also account for seismic base shear, overturning moments from lateral loads, and uplift from wind or seismic forces. Apex Grid's structural engineers design all foundation types for commercial and government projects.
Apex Grid Engineering maintains this glossary as a resource for architects, contractors, developers, and property owners who encounter unfamiliar engineering terminology on their projects.
View All Engineering TermsApex Grid's licensed PEs provide structural engineering services across multiple jurisdictions — with fast quote turnaround and permit-ready documents.
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